Vaginitis is referred to as an infection or inflammation of the vagina causing vaginal discharge, odor and skin irritation. Associated symptoms may include pain with intercourse and irregular vaginal spotting.

How is vaginitis diagnosed?

Diagnosis of the most conditions is based on history and physical exam. Vaginal discharge is tested for pH levels and examined n a slide under the microscope. Vaginal cultures may be done to rule out other STIs. Vaginal skin biopsy may aid in the diagnosis if infection has been ruled out and symptoms are persistent.

Vaginal Infections

Q: What causes vaginitis?

There is a complex balance maintained at the vagina of the skin and normal flora (noninfectious bacteria normally found at the vagina). The pH maintained at the vagina inhibits infection but can be disrupted by many factors causing negative symptoms. The most common causes of vaginitis are Bacterial vaginosis (BV), Candida vulvovaginitis (yeast), Trichomonas, and STI such as Neisseria gonorrhea or Chlamydia trachomatis. Additional causes are not due to infection but may cause the same symptoms, including the following Atrophic vaginitis, retained foreign body i.e. retained tampon, dermatitis in reaction to hygienic products i.e. body wash, soap, detergent, feminine products, antibiotics, vaginal scars,. lesions / growths or fistulas, skin disorders of the vagina: lichen sclerosis, eczema, psoriasis, malignancy, vestibulodynia (pain on penetration of the vagina 3-6 months in the absence of infection), and desquamative inflammatory disorder: rare skin disorder of skin sloughing without infection in perimenopausal women.

Q: How is vaginitis treated?

The most common causes of vaginitis are treated with antifungal or antibiotic oral or vaginal medications. Candida is treated equally well with oral or vaginal treatments. Oral fluconazole is a convenient single dose method while vaginal treatments may offer fewer side effects. Bacterial vaginosis is treated with metronidazole or clindamycin. They are administered in the form of oral tablets or a cream or gel vaginal suppository. Asymptomatic women do not require treatment of either Candida or BV. Diagnosed Trichomoniasis always requires treatment most commonly with a single dose of metronidazole or tinidazole. Partners must be treated for all diagnosed STIs and should refrain from sexual activity 1-2 weeks after treatment. Recurrent vaginitis is not uncommon and may require special cultures to test for resistant strains of infection. In cases of ongoing recurrence, long-term suppressive therapy may be useful in vaginitis prevention. Behavioral and hygienic practices are also very important including the use of gentle soaps, detergents and lotions. Vaginal douching is discouraged. Women with female partners tend to have higher incidence of vaginitis and both partners should take precautions. Noninfectious causes of vaginitis are often treated by a specialist. A variety of topical medications such as anti-inflammatory, hormonal or analgesic agents are used depending on the diagnosed condition.

Vaginal infections are a common concern for many women, causing discomfort and sometimes anxiety. In this comprehensive article, we will discuss vaginal infections and their various types, causes, symptoms, and treatments.

The most common things we call infections are mostly bacteria or yeast that usually reside in the vagina to some extent. With changes to the vaginal environment, some of the bacteria or yeast can overgrow and cause problems. We commonly refer to these overgrowths as “vaginal infections,” even though they are not true infections.

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What is a Vaginal Infection?

Vaginitis

Vaginitis, or vulvovaginitis, is an inflammation or infection of the vagina. It can cause itching, pain, discharge, and odor. Learn about causes, treatment, and tips for prevention.

A vaginal infection occurs when harmful bacteria, viruses, or yeast grow in the vaginal area, causing discomfort and other symptoms. Most vaginal infections are not serious and can be treated effectively. However, it’s important to understand the different types.

Types of Vaginal Infections

There are several different types of vaginal infections, each with its causes and symptoms. Here are some common vaginal infections:

Bacterial Vaginosis: This is one of the most common vaginal infections/overgrowth and is caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. It often leads to a fishy odor, grayish-white discharge, and itching. Bacterial vaginosis is a type of bacterial infection.
Vaginal Candidiasis: Also known as a yeast infection/overgrowth, this occurs when there is too much yeast called Candida in the vagina. Symptoms include itching, redness, and thick, white discharge.

Common Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Some vaginal infections are caused by STIs, such as trichomoniasis. This infection can cause itching, burning, and unusual discharge. Other common sexually transmitted infections that can affect the vaginal area include chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Although not a vaginal infection, a UTI can cause symptoms in the vaginal area, such as burning during urination, frequent urges to urinate, and pelvic pain. It is caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract.

What Causes Vaginitis?

Women’s Health: Infections

Vaginitis, or vulvovaginitis, is an inflammation or infection of the vagina. It can cause itching, pain, discharge, and odor. Learn about causes, treatment, and tips for prevention.

Vaginitis is the inflammation of the vagina that can cause itching, discharge, and pain. There are several causes of vaginitis:

Yeast Infections: This type of infection happens when there is an overgrowth of yeast, called Candida, in the vagina. While many types of yeast can overgrow in the vagina and cause problems, candida is the most common.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Some STIs can lead to vaginitis. Common sexually transmitted infections like trichomoniasis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea can cause symptoms of vaginitis.
Chemical Irritants: Products like vaginal sprays, douches, soaps, and scented tampons can irritate the vagina and cause vaginitis.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): While not a direct cause of vaginitis, a UTI can sometimes be associated with vaginal irritation and discomfort.

What is the Difference Between a Yeast Infection and a Vaginitis?

Yeast infections and vaginitis are related but different conditions affecting the vagina. Yeast infections can be a cause of vaginitis, but not all vaginitis is related to yeast.

Yeast Infections

These are a specific type of vaginal infection caused by an overgrowth of yeast, particularly Candida. Symptoms include itching, redness, swelling, and thick, white discharge. Yeast infections are not sexually transmitted infections, although they can be triggered by factors like antibiotics, hormone changes, or a weakened immune system.

Vaginitis

This is a broader term that refers to the inflammation of the vagina, which can result from various causes. Vaginitis can be due to yeast infections, but it can also be caused by a sexually transmitted infection (like trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection), chemical irritants (such as vaginal sprays or scented products), or hormonal changes.

In summary, a yeast infection is a specific type of vaginitis caused by yeast overgrowth, while vaginitis is a general term for inflammation of the vagina with multiple possible causes, including bacterial infections, yeast infections, and sexually transmitted infections. Understanding these differences helps in diagnosing and treating the specific type of vaginal issue you may be experiencing.

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Is Vaginitis Contagious?

Vaginitis can be contagious, but it depends on the cause.

Yeast Infections: Yeast infections are generally not considered contagious. They are caused by an overgrowth of yeast, usually Candida, which is normally present in the body. You can’t catch a yeast infection from another person.
Bacterial Vaginosis: Bacterial vaginosis is a type of bacterial infection that is not typically considered contagious. It results from an imbalance of the natural bacteria in the vagina, and while it’s not spread through sexual contact, it can be associated with sexual activity.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Some causes of vaginitis, such as trichomoniasis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea, are sexually transmitted infections and are contagious. These infections can be spread through sexual contact with an infected partner.
Chemical Irritants and Hormonal Changes: Vaginitis caused by irritants like vaginal sprays or hormonal changes is not contagious. These types of vaginitis result from individual reactions to chemicals or changes in hormone levels.

What Are the Signs of a Vaginal Infection?

Vaginal Yeast Infections

A vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida, that causes extreme itching and burning. Most women will get a vaginal yeast infection at some point. Learn more about causes, symptoms, and treatments for a yeast infection.

Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. It’s caused by a change in the balance of bacteria in the vagina. Untreated, it can increase the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases and may play a role in premature labor and low-birth-weight babies. Learn about the common symptoms and risk factors.

Signs and symptoms of a vaginal infection can vary depending on the type of infection, but here are some common symptoms to look out for:

Itching: Persistent itching in the vaginal area.
Burning Sensation: A burning feeling, especially during urination or sex.
Unusual Vaginal Discharge: Discharge that is different from normal, which can be thick, white, yellow, green, or gray.
Odor: A strong, unusual odor, often described as fishy.
Redness and Swelling: Redness, swelling, or soreness around the vagina.
Pain: Pain or discomfort in the vaginal area.
Spotting or Bleeding: Light spotting or bleeding outside of your regular menstrual cycle.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to see a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment. Vaginal infections are common and can usually be treated effectively with medication.

How is a Vaginal Infection Diagnosed?

Diagnosing a vaginal infection typically involves a few simple steps at the healthcare provider’s office:

Medical History: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, sexual activity, and any previous vaginal infections. This helps them understand what might be causing the problem.
Physical Exam: The doctor will perform a physical exam of the pelvic area to look for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or unusual discharge.
Sample Collection: A swab of vaginal discharge may be taken. This is done gently with a cotton swab and is usually quick and painless.
Laboratory Tests: The sample collected is sent to a lab to identify the cause of the infection. The lab can check for bacteria, yeast, or sexually transmitted infections.
Additional Tests: Sometimes, a urine test might be needed to check for urinary tract infections or other issues.

These steps help the healthcare provider determine the specific type of vaginal infection you have, so they can recommend the right treatment. If you experience symptoms of a vaginal infection, it’s important to see a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

How is Vaginitis Treated?

Treating vaginitis depends on the cause of the infection:

Yeast Infections: These are usually treated with antifungal medications, which can be in the form of creams, tablets, or suppositories. These medications help reduce the overgrowth of yeast and relieve symptoms.
Bacterial Vaginosis: This type of vaginitis is treated with antibiotics that can be taken orally or applied as a cream. The antibiotics help restore the balance of healthy bacteria in the vagina.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): If vaginitis is caused by an STI like trichomoniasis, it will be treated with specific antibiotics. It’s important to treat both partners to prevent reinfection.
Chemical Irritants: If vaginitis is caused by irritants like vaginal sprays or scented products, stopping the use of these products usually helps. The irritation should go away once the source is removed.

Vaginitis doesn’t usually go away on its own and requires treatment to prevent symptoms from worsening or recurring. Maintaining good hygiene and avoiding irritants can help keep the balance of healthy bacteria in the vagina, which can prevent future infections.

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Seek Expert Care at Maiden Lane Medical

Vaginal infections are common and can cause significant discomfort, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, they are typically easy to manage. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatments of various types of vaginitis can help you maintain your vaginal health and prevent future infections. If you’re experiencing any symptoms of a vaginal infection, don’t wait to seek help.

For expert care, schedule an appointment with Maiden Lane Medical, a trusted gynecology practice in New York City. Our experienced team is dedicated to providing comprehensive and compassionate care. Take control of your health today and contact Maiden Lane Medical for all your gynecological needs.

Medically Reviewed By

Fernando Mariz, MD

Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Ilene Fischer, MD

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Savita Sukha, WHNP

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